Genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Genetics - Essay Example Genes are the basics of genetics (Nadeau & Dudley 2011, 1015). Genes are packed in bundles referred to as chromosomes. They are threadlike structures that are located inside the nucleus of a living being. For a human being, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes meaning that there are a total of 46 chromosomes (De Koning & Haley 2005, 386). Of these pairs of chromosomes, 1 pair is the sex chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual and their body characteristics. The other pair of chromosomes is referred to as autosomal chromosomes and their function is to determine the rest of the body make up. Gregor Mendel is referred to as the father of genetics due to his study of the inheritance in pea plants. A gene contains an allel that is inherited from both parents i.e. tongue roller and non-tongue roller are alleles for the ability to roll the tongue and more than two allels can exist for any specific gene but only two of them will be found in an individual. Allels may be similar or different and if they are identical for a gene are referred to as a homozygous. If the organism has two different alleles for a gene, it is a heterozygous. He hypothesized that these allels separate randomly during gametes production i.e. an egg and a sperm that will carry only one allel for the inherited trait. When they unit each gamete will contribute its allele restoring the paired condition of the offspring (Moore 2001, 21). This is referred to as the law of segregation. He also found out that each individual pair of alleles will separate independently of the other pair of alleles during the pro cess of gamete formation and referred this as the law of independent assortment. He also described that if the two allels of an inherited pair are different (heterozygous), only one will determine the organism’s appearance and will be referred to as the dominant allele while the other one is the recessive allele. He referred this as the

The Non-universality and “Culturality” of Literature Essay Example for Free

The Non-universality and â€Å"Culturality† of Literature Essay Features that Makes Literature Uniquely Cultural and Not Universal By romance novels alone that are judged as trashy and unhelpful to the critical thinking growth of women and yet hundreds of such books are still hoarded, it is already quite evident that literature is one discourse in a person’s life that is deemed as necessary and important—if such romance novels can be considered as literature that is. Romance novels are known to contain sexual innuendos, hot coital sessions, shallow plots and character developments and other literary elements which can be regarded as being unliterary and even mortifying in the conservative circles. For centuries, romance novels in all forms and genres have been created, edited, published, banned, exalted, and burned. Whether those banned and burned novels end up with such fate because they are considered to be too much for the general public for the taboo subjects they depict or because the books does not have any literary value, this could just mean that there are certain subjects that stirs scandals and controversies in particular settings and culture. But a taboo subject in one particular culture does not mean that it is a taboo subject in other cultural settings—it could be something like the Theory of Relativity wherein something is applicable in one setting while it cannot be the same circumstance for other settings. It is because of this aspect that certain genres and forms of literature be regarded as unique only to particular setups. Thus, literature is not something which is seen as universal that involves the entire human race—literature is something which can be judged as a discourse or subject that is cultural and universal the same way that it is only women who are majorly magnetized by romance novels compared to men and the same way that sex is something which is considered as taboo in Asian countries while the West nonchalantly discuss about it. Literature therefore is not universal for if this is true, then why is it that some novels, poetry or plays are majorly disliked by a group of people while another group of people greatly admire it? If literature supposedly connects human beings and links everyone together with a â€Å"universal thread†, then why is it that people still have great conflict on themes, plots, dialogues and characters presented in books? Literature therefore is cultural and particular in a way that it embodies the language of a nation, the history of society, a society of a group, a culture of a country, the customs, traditions and practices of state. Thus, what is literature but something which is uniquely distinct to a culture? Before a discussion on whether literature is universal or not, it should first be explained on what is literature. Literature is often defined as a produce from one’s imagination that has ascetic creativity and which reflects humanity in that one single product of humanity or ascetic creativity: â€Å"Stories from myth and legend persist in our culture because they evoke deep emotional responses from us, shaped as we are by those stories, often from a very young age† (Trupe 164). Then, a written work that is fictional can be considered as literature but this definition is actually wrong and misleading. Going back to the subject of romance novels, can these books be regarded as literature when they so obviously do not contain any ascetic creativity at all? Just because something is ictional or imagined, it does not mean that it is literature. But at the same time, not all literature is fictional—are there not biographies, autobiographies, speeches and essays that are wholly true but are still seen as literature? Maybe, literature is such a broad subject that it is indefinable—even John Spriggs who wrote on literary discourse and criticism wrote that literature should not be defined at all because it would restrict literature to a particular aspect (Easthope 168). But if literature cannot be defined at all, then it means that it is something which can cause confusion among people—academic and common alike. Eagleton though has a different idea on what can be regarded as literature. According to Eagleton, literature is defined by the particular language it utilizes. He asserts that literature â€Å"transforms and intensifies ordinary language, deviates systematically from everyday speech† (2). Thus, any work can be regarded as literature if it uses a special language unique only to literature and very different form â€Å"everyday speech†. Going back to the thesis of the paper, if what Eagleton says is true, then it just means that literature is not universal since there would be people who would fail to understand this special literary language used in literature. If the language in literature is uncommon and unique only to literature, then it uses a particular language which would distinguish it from other words that people use. However, there is a counterargument to this claim presented by Leech and Short (as cited by Simpson). According to Leech and Short, although literature uses a particular set of language and linguistics unique to it, it still manages to use the ordinary language in a way that it is just creatively expressed (as cited by Simpson 6). In fact, what makes the literalists the same as other people is that they follow a particular set of rules the same way that a lawyer or journalist or doctor would be using particular vocabulary and sentence construction that is unique to their profession. Thus, literature is unique in the sense that it uses creative language but it is not unique in the aspect that it is the only discourse that is unique in using a different set of codes or syntax. It is Horace, who first came up with the idea that literature serves two purposes: utile et dulce. That is, literature can educate people and be utilized by the masses (utile) and literature can be appreciated for its sheer ascetic creativity that brings out the beauty in the things around human beings—nature and human nature. Horace concludes that there are two purposes, literature is not something which can only serve one master—to either teach people something or to showcase its literary beauty—instead, it should be a balance of what literature is trying to aim for. However, modern literary critics and academicians believe otherwise: Literature should just either be a utile or be a dulce. L. Insana on â€Å"Redefining Dulce et Utile: Boccacio’s Organization of Literature on Economic Terms† uses this argument on utile and dulce in trying to find out what Boccaccio is trying to express in his controversial Decameron that both teaches the public something and at the same time, it reveals a literary beauty that only Boccaccio can create (n. p. ). Thus, while the concept of dulce and utile may be something that has long been created hundreds of years ago, it can be applied even to economic settings as what Insana has done in the critique of Boccaccio’s Decameron. Nowadays, the argument that literature is either a utile or dulce is not true anymore since literature not serves many other purposes outside utile and dulce. For example, literature can be a means to unite the world through form and content—serving as a means for people to unite in a single universal thread—something which is opposite to the thesis of this paper and something which this paper is trying to disprove of. There are conclusions that literature is connects people because it has the ability to link each culture and group not just by the means of language but also through experiences. People are united because of literature exists to have the â€Å"same universal thread† with other literature. All in all, this is what literature is believed to be used for: â€Å"to give us a better understanding of who we are, and a greater ability to know others and thereby help us to understand others, not destroy them†. This universal thread opinion on the objective and form of literature is truthful in some way since the experiences of societies are almost the same as everyone else: Works of literature consist of ‘human experience’ and so contrast with the texts of mass or popular culture; created by individual authors literature can evoke a ‘genuine personal response’ in the reader—as Leavis explains elsewhere (see Leavis and Thompson 1933), popular culture, collectively and commercially produced, is stereotyped, formulaic, anonymous and deficient in ‘human experience’. (Easthope 4) Each individual, no matter where they come from or what they do experiences the same needs, desires and wants to the person next to him/her. People all suffer, people all feel happiness, people all have the capability to love and be loved and people will die one day. Thus, all the collation of hopes, dreams and fears are true no matter where you may go. However, the experiences of a society are still different from another. Though they do experience the same economic or political problem like the other societies and countries, their own experience is unique only to themselves. Literature, particularly fiction, conspires to human freedom: in this way it has a political effect. But the vision projected by literature, its implicit philosophy, sits opposite the political understanding of the world. (Rolin 40) Thus, though a person in Japan feels the same heart ache as that of a person in Wales and writes the same kind of poem or prose that centers on their grief, it would still be different because of the certain cultural aspects that envelopes them. All in all, this is what is being pointed out why literature can never be the same for all the people in the world—because each group of people contains certain cultural influences and characteristics that are only unique to them. Aside from language which clearly differentiates one culture or country to another, there is also the history to consider, the traditions and even the practices of a particular culture. Zipes clearly gives an example in how fairy tales of a country is used to determine the differences of the locale’s color and beliefs: Each village and community in Europe and in North America developed various modes of storytelling and different types of tales that were closely connected to their customs, laws, morals, and beliefs. (xvi) The same way that a man tends to sway more towards the non-fictional forms of literature or the comic books and sci-fi, women tends to gravitate more to the romantic and whimsical forms of literature, there are also differences in how the literature of a village or community in a particular country in a very specific time would be different from another country in a altogether different time span. Though human experience is the same for everyone, there are still great and tremendous differences in human experiences that would make literature very non-universal and would instead be concluded as being very cultural. A very specific example would be the language of a culture or a nation; Eagleton explains that literature contains a unique language to be identified with just literature, that such â€Å"literary discourse estranges or alienates ordinary speech† (2). However, he also points out that though ordinary speech is alienated, the said literary discourse also â€Å"brings us into a fuller, more intimate possession of experience† (Eagleton 2). Literature through the means of language becomes more complex and yet meaningful—something that each culture can relate to as they have their own distinctive features. Another example would be in how a famous literary figure, Defoe has written fictional works that â€Å"are admired today†¦[and] can be found in the material of journalism he practiced in an age when the boundaries between journalism and fiction, fact and fancy, were less distinguishable than they are today† (Underwood 45). This example illustrates how any form of literature can imitate the life and time of the author making the literature one of its kind when compared to other literary works that also imitates the life and times of their particular authors. But most credible as an evidence and sample to thesis is perhaps the case of how William Shakespeare embodies his play, Henry V as something that reflects the early English life, according to Schwyzer: Henry V is traditionally regarded as the most English of the histories, and hence of all Shakespeare’s works. The words ‘‘England’’ and ‘‘English’’ resound through the play, occurring more than one hundred times. Henry is constantly reminding his men of what they are or should be capable of on the basis of their Englishness, and he is himself referred to by the French king as ‘‘Harry England. ’’ (Schwyzer 126) What Schwyzer presents is not that the play was inspired by England or the life of England, but that it the play itself evokes or contains themes of what it remains to be seemed as English. This â€Å"englishness† as what Schwyzer calls it is another term for the existence of a national literature that aims to mirror what it means for a particular nation to be a nation. In conclusion, there is no universal thread the links human being together even of literature shows the same human experience for everyone. Literature is not universal; it is cultural because of the many distinct features that are embodied in a literary work like language, way of life, background, etc. However, though literature is no universal, it is still an ongoing process of development and improvement that hopefully one day, does indeed bridge the world together and be called universal. Works Cited Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: an Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996. Print. Easthope, Antony. Literary into Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge, 1991. Print. Insana, L. â€Å"Redefining Dulce et Utile: Boccacio’s Organization of Literature on Economic Terms†. Heliotropia 2. 1 (2004). Web. Heliotropia. org. 17 May 2010. Rolin, Olivier. â€Å"The Subtle Genius of the Novel†. The Review of Contemporary Fiction 28. 3 (2008): 40. Web. Literature Resource Center. 16 May 2010. Schwyzer, Philip. Literature, Nationalism, and Memory in Early Modern England and Wales. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print. Simpson, Paul. Language Through Literature: an Introduction. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print. Trupe, Alice. Thematic Guide to Young Adult Literature. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2006. Print. Underwood, Doug. Journalism and the Novel: Truth and Fiction, 1700-2000. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. Zipes, Jack (ed). The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Comparing and contrasting two Poems on the theme of childhood By Essay

Comparing and contrasting two Poems on the theme of childhood By Seamus Heaney. Comparing and contrasting two Poems on the theme of childhood Having read the four poems from Seamus Heaney's collection "Death of a Naturalist", I have decided to Compare and contrast the two poems that I like best, which are "Death of a naturalist" and "Follower". Both of these are childhood stories set in the countryside. These reflect how Heaney felt about different aspects of life in his surroundings. This is one of the reasons that I have chosen these two poems the idea of the countryside makes me feel at home with these two poems. They are both set in the open air, which creates an open atmosphere. "Death of a Naturalist" is the first poem I chose to write about because of the overall effectiveness of the poem. This poem has been written in paragraph like stanzas, this gives me the feel of making the poems look full of descriptions; it also looks very exiting looking at all the stanzas are crammed into one. As you look at the poem you can see effective use of vivid similes such as "Frogspawn grew like clotted Water" Frogspawn that grows like "clotted water" shows you the fullness of the frogspawn it also shows us that the frogspawn is racing and covering the pond water very fast it also gives me an impression that he enjoys seeing the frogspawn growing and covering the pond as he enjoys collecting frogspawn "I would fill jampotfuls of the jellied specs" This shows the enjoyment of a young child collecting and watching something grow. We see the use of positive phrases "There were dragon-flies, Spotted butterflies... " The use of commas and short sentences give us an understanding of the child's ... ...od jobs around the farm. The last lines in the poem make us think about what has happened to his father. "It is my father who keeps stumbling Behind me, and will not go away" the effect this creates by saying his father is weak and falling away behind him tells us that the roles have been reversed. After looking at these two poems many things are very similar in the way they have been written: the language and form are authentic language of farming by this I mean that the poems have got a use of old farm language an describe things in a farming form. Heaney also leaves the reader with a final line to think about. By reading the two poems Heaney now feels that it is time to break away from his past and he also feels different from his family. I think this because he is looking back and writing about the past and he is able to write about the future.

Music and Literature Essay

Music and literature have played an important role in our community and society since not only humans but the earth was born. It’s still a great mystery as to who invented or made music first. But first of all we shouldn’t focus as to when was music made but should see that what actually music is? How to define music has long been the subject of debate; philosophers, musicians, and, more recently, various social and natural scientists have argued about what constitutes music. The definition has varied through history, in different regions, and within societies. Definitions vary as music, like art, is a subjectively perceived phenomenon. Its definition has been tackled by philosophers of art, lexicographers, composers, music critics, musicians, linguists, sociologists, and neurologists. Music may be defined according to various criteria including organization, pleasantness, intent, social construction, perceptual processes and engagement, universal aspects or family resemblances, and through contrast or negative definition. Music is sometime said to be a branch of literature. Now the question stands that what is literature? Literature is the body of all written works; the collected creative writing of a nation, people, group, or culture; all the papers, treatises, etc. published in academic journals on a particular subject. its particularly hard to understand but in simple words literature means a piece of work written deeply form the or whatever your experiences and brain say and to put that experience and the work of brain into a piece of writing. Literature comes from the Latin word literra meaning a piece of writing. Literature has many branches like narrative stories, novels, poems and etc. Music is also a famous branch of literature. There are many music lovers found all over the world. Music is further separated into many other branches e.g. jazz, pop and etc. Music has been with us since the start of our beautiful earth. Music is just an inch away from us always: it’s in the rustling of leafs, the sound of waves hitting the shore, the quite sound that trees make when they sway in the air.

Response Paper to ‘What You Eat is Your Business’ By Radley Balko Essay

From the essay ‘What You Eat is Your Business’ by Radley Balko, he shows a strong opinion of what should be public knowledge and what should stay private. His determination on obesity not being public health makes people rethink what obesity is, the government’s part in it, and how to go about fixing it. Though Balko isn’t the only author with a strong belief on this subject, he stands out because of the way he captured the reader’s attention. He does this by challenging what people today believe is just common knowledge. Balko uses logos by giving the title for a TV special where policy makers, health specialists, and media are involved. Balko also mentions numerous senators and the president that also contributed to the cause of stopping obesity. By using logos and then stating ‘In other words, bringing government between you and your waistline’ it brings in the use of pathos. Instead of encouraging the use of many influential people on this problem, Balko does the opposite. It does work in bringing out emotions by causing people to think. When people think about this, they will either agree that government should be involved or they will lean towards Balko and think that obesity is a personal matter. Either way, the audience is likely to get upset with how the government is getting too nosey or how Balko makes them the enemy. The audience is more likely to lean towards what Balko is stating because of his bias opinion on the matter. The way he captures the audience is by bringing independence into his words: ‘For decades now, America’s health care system has been migrating toward socialism. Your well-being, shape, and condition have increasingly been deemed matters of â€Å"public health,† instead of matters of personal responsibility’. These sentences make people react because America is based off of independence; and if the audience starts to believe that their control of their own lives are slipping away, then they will fight against it. Though Balko does do a great job in getting people’s attention and making them lean closer to his side, he is bias. Balko enlarges the evils of public health, to where he doesn’t mention the positive sides of it. If he did mention how having public health has worked in at least one way, then what he states about the wrongs of it would have more logic and reason. People without a bias opinion on the matter look at both sides and weigh the pros and cons. So if he included something good about public health care then he would be more creditable for his essay. Balko’s essay is very interesting and motivating. From his writing, his best quality is capturing the audience’s attention. He captures the audience with his whole essay and keeps them reading by his opinion on the matter. To be a writer people believe that you need to have passion for what you write, and Balko certainly does. Work Cited: Balko, Radley. â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business.† Cato Institute. N.p., 23 May 2004. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.

The Pre-columbian American Peoples in the Pacific Northwest Essay Example

The Pre The Pre-columbian American Peoples in the Pacific Northwest Essay The Pre-columbian American Peoples in the Pacific Northwest Essay Essay Topic: North By Northwest At the time when the Europeans were on a mission to colonize America, the people of America had a resilient culture. It has been statedthat the resilient culture must have resulted from the longtime interaction with their environment. Most aspects of culture are attributedto the environment in such a way that people develop norms or modes of behavior that rhyme with their immediate environment. The longer the people remain in a less dynamic environment, the more resilient a culture is bound to be. The cultural influences identified in the article authored by Kisciza include networks and the trading networks. Routine interaction with the environment is an important factor that ensures the people enhance intimacy with the environment. Ethnicity has been identifiedas a primary factor that divided the people of America and this also reflected in specific aspects of culture. What is One Example of Cultural Exchange during the Settlement of North America The European who visited America in the Pre-Hispanic period did not appreciate the cultural practices of the natives. European explorers often mistook the nativecultural practice with naivety rather than nativity. It was further documentedthat the nativesgradually adopted the influences brought by the Europeans. This marked a gradual erosion of thenative culture as well as the adoptionof a new culture. When the Europeans settled in America, their persistence ensured that the cultural resilience of the nativeswas broken. For instance, the settlement of the European missionaries and explorer was responsible for the penetration of reading and writing in America. The entrance of the Europeans was facedwith resistance due to cultural resilience among the native societies. However, the interaction of the Europeans and the natives had different outcomes depending on aspects such as ethnicity. Variouscultural orientations have a differentperception when it comes to adoption of different cultures. Equally, cultures might have varyingdegrees of resiliencein assimilating new cultures. The Native American societies must have exhibited similar traits as they responded differently to the interactions with the Europeans. The difference in the outcomes of the interactions between the natives and the Europeans was also due to the different approaches used by the Europeans. European countries also had different cultures which imply that the application of their rule in Native America was also different. Some Europeans assimilated the natives in their settlement hencethe natives had to learn and live the European way. Possibly this was the most effectiveway of overcoming cultural resilience among the natives. On the other hand, other Europeans used force against th e natives, which included eviction. To some extent, such forces must have contributed to the toughening of nativecultural resilience. Another form of cultural resiliencethat can be identifiedin the article is the resistanceexhibited by the Europeans (Kicza). When the early European settlers went to America, they traveledalong with their culture. They were determined to break the resilience of the native culture but at the same time remained persistent to their culture. The Europeans were reported to have used all means to ensure that the nativeculture was erodedat the expense of the European culture. The situation proves that cultural resilience is a factor of cultural appreciation. In some way,it can also be termedas cultural ego where people of a particularculture recognize their culture as the best and irreplaceable. The Native Americans did not have the same cultural belief thus their resilience gradually broke down. Reference Kicza, J. E. (n.d.). Resilient Cultures.

Donald Trumps Election in Relation to Literature Essays

Donald Trumps Election in Relation to Literature Essays Donald Trumps Election in Relation to Literature Essay Donald Trumps Election in Relation to Literature Essay On November 8, 2016, the dark horse candidate, Donald Trump, won the presidential election; the outcome of this election is supported by the ideas present in Of Mice and Men and Inherit the Wind. Ideas such as embracing change for a better future and keeping the American dream alive. Life in America has evolved since the time of these works of art, religion no longer dominates government and the disenfranchised have a strong voice. America is now openly embracing change and actively fighting for the American dream. In the film Inherit the Wind one of the main themes discussed was progress; progressing from accepting the religious or expected answers and using reason to think for oneself. In the recent election Trump’s campaign was plagued with inconsistency and bigotry at times, and in spite of these obvious blunders on his part people were still willing to choose him over his opponent, Hillary Clinton; this is because Clinton was almost guaranteed to c ontinue on the path currently set by the democratic party. The main voting force was middle and low class white Americans, people who have waited for a change to be set forth by the democrats, and they never received what they felt was justice. By using their voice and their reason they choose Trump because he promised to bring forth change in a new and different way. In Inherit the Wind Drummond said â€Å"Gentlemen, progress has never been a bargain. You have to pay for it.† We choose this new and different way of dealing with the problems that plague America and those who live in it, hopefully our price is one only of change and not any other dire consequences. Another factor that pushed this election was the American Dream, and the ability to continue to have it. The American dream has continued to motivate since before the founding of the country; the belief that anyone, no matter socioeconomic groups or beliefs, can be successful in this country. In Trump’s campaign he appealed t

3D Printing for Educational Purposes

3D Printing for Educational Purposes 3D Printing for Educational Purposes Can’t Imagine Abstract Things? Just Print Them! 3D printing is a hot topic in education these days, and this ever-developing technology is helping students grasp abstract topics and ideas. From fine arts to math, universities everywhere are using 3D printers in the classroom – and here’s why! 3D Printing – It’s an Art! From Sculpture 101 to culinary school, 3D printers are being used more and more within the arts, and with amazing results. Architecture students can use the printers to recreate their designs, allowing them to examine how their structures will look in the real world and make immediate tweaks and changes to improve their designs. At culinary institutes, students can design new and different cupcake and loaf pans, cookie cutters, and decoration molds, ensuring that they are able to stay at the forefront of food aesthetics. Turning the Abstract into Concrete Math is full of abstract and theoretical ideas that can be challenging for students to grasp. Using 3D printers to visualize and create mathematical concepts, shapes, and curves makes it much easier for students to understand how a theorem or shape actually appears in reality. 3D printers also make it easier for professors to effectively teach these ideas, as they ensure that both audial and visual learners have an equal footing in the classroom. Engineering New Ideas Many engineers pride themselves at being at the forefront of technology and innovation, so it only makes sense to have the latest technology – such as 3D printers – in the classroom. Students can learn from this new manufacturing technology itself, as well as utilize it for their own designs and to solve engineering problems. Using a 3D printer to create prototypes can help students to actually test their engineering skills and to physically see where improvements may be needed. Students can also see how existing parts, such as the various components of a car engine, may be modified – they can then print and test these, thereby creating innovation within the engineering industry through printing! Anatomy (Past Present) in 3D The human body is one of the most complex machines on the planet, and students everywhere – be them freshman biology students or final year medical students – are learning about anatomy through the use of 3D printers. By creating 3D images and cross-sections of organs, nerve systems, and the brain, students have one of the most effective study aids on the planet! In addition to the workings of the human body, 3D printing can also help archaeology students to examine artifacts, skeletal remains, and fossils in greater detail. By printing such artifacts, students are able to physically handle what would normally be ‘hands-off’ materials from museums, exhibitions, and archaeological digs. What were once abstract concepts and 2D pictures or diagrams are suddenly brought to life in the classroom using 3D printers, helping students become better learners and critical thinkers. Whatever you’re majoring in, it’s likely that a 3D printer will be coming to your classroom soon! The advantages it gives to both students and professors make this an important tool for learning across the arts and sciences – hopefully you’ll get to try one out for yourself! Additionally, you can get a custom essay on 3D Printing topic from our essay writing company.

From Freemasons to Industrious Patriots Assignment

From Freemasons to Industrious Patriots - Assignment Example Sticking to the German context, the author shows that with time, freemasons were allowed to inculcate elite practices as joining reading book clubs, improving drinking habits and recognizing organizational discipline. The author also studies that modernization of organizational culture began in two waves, one in 1760 and the other in 1790s with the establishment of patriotic societies which had strong influence in decision making process of the governmental bodies of the states, in spite of poor number of members in the 50 to 60 such groups found all through Germany. This was the beginning of modern organizations wherein the philosophy of the organization was more important than self discipline, patriotism or ethical practices. According to Kieser, people who follow organizational discipline in modern day organizations, fail to recognize the need of learning new and individualistic working styles and disciplines. This is in stark contrast to the rational approach seen in freemasons of the middle ages and is indicative of work culture stagnation. This is also directly in contrast with the modern culture of social progress. Writer suggests that instead of resorting to this new kind of iron cage, the employees must go for multi-societal memberships to develop more complete self discipline and industrious patriotism that is devoid of single organizational dominance. The early freemason organizations comprised low classes of the society including manual laborers, small time vendors and believers of traditional Mason cult. The practices used by these organizations were based on ethical and spiritual philosophies. They were dedicated to achieving spiritual goals like establishing personal standards of discipline and extending them to contribution to society. Modern organizations on the contrary are based on economic and societal philosophies and are more focused

Thin film deposition techniques and substrate cleaning in cleanroom Essay

Thin film deposition techniques and substrate cleaning in cleanroom - Essay Example Any unwanted particles in the environment, such as organic and inorganic substances, dust, micro organisms, human skin, or vapours are regarded as contaminants. Humidity and temperature control is also maintained in a clean room. Contamination in a clean room can also occur from unclean surfaces. Walls, ceilings, or even materials used during experiments or fabrication in a clean room can be a source. It is therefore important that all material and substrates to be used are cleaned prior to their use. There are several ways to clean substrates depending on the material and the type of contamination to be removed. Larger particles, such as glass fragments, can be cleaned through washing. Gentle application of chemicals such as Decon 90 can also used to release any larger particles like dust and grease stuck on the surface. Then, to remove relatively smaller particles, the slides can be placed in an ultrasonic bath with a 20% solution of Decon90 in ultra pure water. Subsequently, 20% solution of Ethanolamine in ultra pure water is used to reactively clean the substrate by removing dirt which is chemically bonded to it. Once this is completed, the substrates are submerged in pure ethanol to get rid of water itself from the surface which is replaced by ethanol. The substrate is then dried on a hot plate or through hot air and to be used within minutes before it absorbs any moisture f rom air. The process described above is just one way of cleaning the substrate. As mentioned earlier, there are several methods available which can be used to suit the material and contaminant. For example, Martinez-Duarte et al (2010: p. 195) mention a host of possibilities. Among wet immersion techniques, diluted hydrofluoric acid, RCA, a process that uses ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, water, hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acid, or supercritical cleaning can be used followed by rinsing in a solvent depending on application (Martinez-Duarte et al, 2010: p. 195).

Greek Easter or the American Easter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek Easter or the American Easter - Essay Example Easter primarily is the celebration of Jesus' triumph over death and mankind's hope for eternal life. Some of the main features behind the original Easter story are Jesus' execution, his burial and most significantly his rising from death. Christians believe that according to the Scripture, Jesus came back to life three days after his death on the cross, which is observed through the Good Friday, always the Friday before Easter. Through his death, burial and resurrection it is believed that Jesus paid the penalty for his sins and obtained eternal life for all who believe in him. Although it is the celebration of the same truth in history, the methods of celebration differ quiet a bit. In USA the name of this Holy Day is Easter. It is derived from the pagan goddess of dawn, "Eostre". Since Eostre was a pagan goddess, in some churches it is considered inappropriate to refer to this Holy Day with the name of a pagan goddess. However, the word Easter is simply used to refer to this holiday only, with no connotation what so ever with the pagan goddess bared in mind. In most other languages including Greek, Easter is called Pascha, related to the Hebrew word Pesach, for Passover. This is because the early Christians linked this celebration to Passover. Along Along with differences in names there are also differences in the ways this holiday is celebrated. If the holiday is being celebrated in the US, one can expect to see the famous Easter parades. Another famous tradition is of egg hunting for hidden eggs. This became known as the Easter Egg Roll, gaining popularity in the late 1800s. Children rolled eggs on the grounds of the US capitol the congress was not happy about this and outlawed the practice. In 1878, President Hayes and his wife Lucy invited children to roll eggs on the lawn of the White House itself, starting a tradition which still continues today. Another US tradition is the Easter Bunny, in many cultures it is viewed as the bunny as symbol of fertility. The reason behind accepting this view was that centuries ago, Pope Gregory I allowed people to keep pagan symbols such as eggs and bunny as long as they can be recast in Christian terms. In Greece the celebrations truly begin two months before Easter. They start with the festival called Apokria, in which a huge paper mache effigy of Judas is set on fire. The next Monday is called Clean or Ash Monday it is one of the most festive days of the year for the Greeks. Children and parents gather on the hills of Athens and the Greek countryside to fly kites and enjoy picnics and than Lent begins. Holy Thursday is the day when all Greek families prepare dyed red eggs. Tradition says that the Virgin Mother dyed eggs red to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus and to celebrate life. This is a big part of the Easter Sunday. On Good Friday flags at homes and government buildings are set at half mast to mark the sorrowful day. Holy Saturday is filled with anticipation of Easter. People gather at town squares and churches and by 11 P.M. the Easter Services start. Large white candles are lit and are carried by everyone. At midnight the church bells ring and the priests announce Christos Anesti (Christ has risen) and fireworks are set off. The celebration contin ues on the Sunday with great Easter feasts. This is brings us

Discuss the situation in criminal law in England when both the Research Paper

Discuss the situation in criminal law in England when both the prosecution and the defendant in the same case cause a delay - Research Paper Example The case brought to the limelight the prevalent child abuse that has recently domineered Britain. The former abattoir worker and lifeguard, according to previous evidence, had murdered, obscured, and disposed the body of the child to ensure that any search by the police will be futile. As the case was proceeding, the prosecution found fresh evidence2. Fragments of bones confirmed to be April’s remains were found in the man’s bath plughole and fireplace. Additionally, explicit images of child sex abuse were found in Mark’s laptop, a fact that prompted a fresh debate over a link between viewing of such images and sexual killings. The prosecution had also discovered, through detectives, several tapes in Mark’s DVD player, tapes that were dominated with murder and rape. April’s family wanted Mark’s cottage demolished while the prosecution wanted him to explain the source of the tapes and the bones. The prosecution believed that it could garner mo re evidence against Mark if given more time. The lead prosecutor also said that, â€Å"computer evidence points towards an individual who is evil, manipulative and has premeditated3.† The prosecution team, therefore, wanted more time to gather parts of the girl’s body. Mark wanted more time to defend the new evidence that had emerged. Upon examination of the reasons for discontinuation presented by both the defendant and the prosecutor, Mold crown court judges issued discontinuance. The defendants were indicted of murdering Hama Faraj Noori, 56, in his flat after executing the murder plan in a bar. The defendants claimed that they were not ready to defense themselves and the judge allowed them more time to establish a legal team. The defendants had realized that the prosecutor had garnered fresh evidence that would prove quite challenging to defend and wanted more time to assemble facts of the case and conduct some consultations with the relevant authorities4. Moreover, the prosecution wanted more

Impacts on the financials of Compass Group Essay

Impacts on the financials of Compass Group - Essay Example Such is the information that is normally available to many users of the statements and the entire statement. The information is considered insufficient hence a recommendation that the adjustments be made repeatedly and even severally while measuring the same amount. This results in uniformity and quality decisions being made, in the process the populace would be in the position of rationalizing their information (Bell 2000). Â   Â   Â  Secondly, it is argued that enhancing disclosure is never enough given enough consideration and those boards of most companies think and take such disclosures in a manner that it does not appear a substitute. The ED proposes that corporations report assets and liabilities as the failure to report or make such disclosures. The proposals further demand that the leased assets and liabilities always be computed and measured on a discounted basis. The proposals require under this ED that the lessee reports all the assets and liabilities of an aggregate of the leases that have existed for a period of not less than 12 months in the balance sheet. This has the impact of a faithful representation of the lessee’s financial position (Fields 2002). In addition to such disclosures, there is an enhancement of transparency concerning the leverage of the lessee. Â   Â   Â   Â   The ED proposals demand that leases be classified as either Type A or Type B leases depending on whether they are a property such as land and building and land or the leases are other than property such as equipment, aircraft, cars or tracks. For Type A leases, the right of use of the asset and the lease liability is recognized and the unwinding of the discount will be recognized separately from the amortization of the right to use. Type B leases, on the other hand, are recognized as Type B with a difference being on the recognition of the unwinding of the discount which is recognized as a single lease cost (Walton 2009).

Discuss the situation in criminal law in England when both the Research Paper

Discuss the situation in criminal law in England when both the prosecution and the defendant in the same case cause a delay - Research Paper Example The case brought to the limelight the prevalent child abuse that has recently domineered Britain. The former abattoir worker and lifeguard, according to previous evidence, had murdered, obscured, and disposed the body of the child to ensure that any search by the police will be futile. As the case was proceeding, the prosecution found fresh evidence2. Fragments of bones confirmed to be April’s remains were found in the man’s bath plughole and fireplace. Additionally, explicit images of child sex abuse were found in Mark’s laptop, a fact that prompted a fresh debate over a link between viewing of such images and sexual killings. The prosecution had also discovered, through detectives, several tapes in Mark’s DVD player, tapes that were dominated with murder and rape. April’s family wanted Mark’s cottage demolished while the prosecution wanted him to explain the source of the tapes and the bones. The prosecution believed that it could garner mo re evidence against Mark if given more time. The lead prosecutor also said that, â€Å"computer evidence points towards an individual who is evil, manipulative and has premeditated3.† The prosecution team, therefore, wanted more time to gather parts of the girl’s body. Mark wanted more time to defend the new evidence that had emerged. Upon examination of the reasons for discontinuation presented by both the defendant and the prosecutor, Mold crown court judges issued discontinuance. The defendants were indicted of murdering Hama Faraj Noori, 56, in his flat after executing the murder plan in a bar. The defendants claimed that they were not ready to defense themselves and the judge allowed them more time to establish a legal team. The defendants had realized that the prosecutor had garnered fresh evidence that would prove quite challenging to defend and wanted more time to assemble facts of the case and conduct some consultations with the relevant authorities4. Moreover, the prosecution wanted more

Analyze of Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze of Two Kinds by Amy Tan - Essay Example There are many characters throughout the story, but the main focus of the story is about the relationship between Jing-Mei and her mother. By presenting the story like this, Amy Tan is able to divulge in how each character reacts to the other one. This would simply not be possibly if the focus was on a wider range of characters. Some of the other support characters are Lindo Jong (Jing-Mei’s aunt), Waverly Jong (Jing-Mei’s cousin), and Mr. Chong (Jing-Mei’s piano teacher). All of these characters are crucial to the story because they provide background to the relationship that Jing-Mei and her mother go through. Waverly Jong is an important character because she is everything that Jing-Mei is not—bright, smart and talented. Waverly’s mother’s role is mainly to point this out to Jing-Mei’s mother so as to further push her towards controlling Jing-Mei. Mr. Chong is perhaps the one character who is light-hearted; he does not overly push J ing-Mei and tries to make playing the piano fun. The setting of this story is in California back in the 1960s. Not only is this an area that received a large amount of immigrants, but older people reading the story may be able to relate to it because it is similar to what they experienced back then. Another reason why the setting is so important is because of the way that immigrants were generally perceived back then. This helped to set up the basis of the story where Jing-Mei’s mother wanted to push her to become a child protege. This was perceived to be a way out of the typical stereotype of a Chinese immigrant and a way to assimilate into American society. The structure of Two Kinds is one than is simplistic and easy to read. After the narrator jots down an experience, she then gives her own opinions and reasons why she felt the way she did. This helps the reader to understand why she felt what she did. Also, there are plenty of quotes from the mother, giving the reader a chance to understand where she was coming from. It is not until the end of the story that the reader realizes that the main character in the story is retelling it from when she was a child. The author could have chosen to mention this point at the start, but I think that is makes the story seem more real by reading it as though it could happen today. Amy Tan uses more of a narrative style in this story to get her point across. This style allows the reader to become involved in the relationship between Jing-Mei and her mother. Because there are opinions of both the daughter and the mother that are offered, the reader is able to weigh up for themselves who is in the right and who is in the wrong. While Jing-Mei disagrees with the choices that her mother made for her, the tone displayed towards her is one of frustration yet respect at the same time. Jing-Mei’s attitudes toward her mother change in a positive way as the story progresses. The piano was the main symbol of this stor y. At the beginning, it was shown contempt by Jing-Mei because of the way her mother harassed her about playing it to perfection. By the end, however, Jing-Mei was able to fully respect the gift that it was and even took the time to sit down and play it. Also, the names of the two songs played at the end (â€Å"Pleading Child† and â€Å"Perfectly Contented†) are symbolic of the way that Jing-Mei’

Cultural Anthropology Assignment Essay Example for Free

Cultural Anthropology Assignment Essay English-Lueck is of the opinion that communication technologies have increased the ways in which we can keep track of our families. According to him the communication technologies have been a boon especially for the working mothers as they help them in being connected to their children’s lives even when they spend a lot of time outside home. But at the same time communication technologies have become a bane for them too. To explain this point English-Lueck uses the example of an ageing woman who enjoyed the position of the center of her family till a few years back. Due to the boom in the communication technology, her position has been eroded, as there are other things that her children have started paying importance to even in her presence. For example their constant email contacts keep them busy. As a result the modern gadgets are sharing the time they spent with their mother. So according to English-Lueck, there is a mixed effect of the technology. In some aspects it has enhanced family life while in another aspects, it has played deterrent to keep intact the old way of leading life. Molitor’s viewpoints are also similar to that of English-Lueck as far as the issue of the effect of communication technologies on families are concerned. According to him the modern technologies help us to stay in touch with our families even when we are physically away from them. To explain this point he throws light upon how even newborn babies are in constant touch with their parents through technology. Their parents with the help of two-way radio transmitters monitor every move that they take in their cribs. So though the way of stating their viewpoints is different, both the experts are similar in their analysis of the effect of communication technologies on maintaining family relationships. My family and I are greatly affected by the technological changes that have taken over the years. Each of us is just a click or a phone call away from each other. Even when all of us are so busy in our lives that we hardly get time to spend with each other, thanks of the innovative technologies, now we have complete track of one another as we are in constant touch with one another throughout the day. References English-Lueck, J. A. (Speaker). (1998). Technology and Social Change: The Effects on Family and Community. COSSA Congressional Seminar. Mackay, H. , Ivey, D. (2004). Modern Media in the home: An Ethnographic Study. Italy: John Libbey Publishing – CIC Srl. Molitor, G. T. T (2003). Communication technologies that will change our lives – Science Technology Retrieved Feb. 1, 2008 from, USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) Website:://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_ml272/is_2692_131/ai_9628305/ print

Roper Logan Tierney Model Activities Of Daily Living

Roper Logan Tierney Model Activities Of Daily Living INTRODUCTION In this assignment I will present a patient I have cared for during one shift on my placement ward. Using the Holland et al (2008) Roper Logan Tierney model of care which focuses on the activities of daily living a description of care received by the patient will be outlined. Any reference made to the patient is under pseudonym and referred to as Mrs Oni to protect the patient confidentiality according NMC Code of conduct (2008). To comply with guidelines set out by Department of Health (2009) full verbal consent was first obtained from the patient before any information was used in this assignment. My placement was in abdominal and orthopaedics surgical ward were patients were routinely admitted from accident and emergency and prepared for surgery and admitted after surgery. I have chosen a 33 year old female patient admitted to accident and emergency department and then to the ward with acute lower abdominal pain and later had non elective surgery for appendicitis. It was my duty under the supervision of my mentor, during this shift to monitor and maintain internal and safe environment, communicate and encourage patient to mobilise and wound management. The assessment tools utilised to create a care plan according to priority are those implemented and used by the trust. All activities discussed will be reflected upon as part of personal and professional development. CASE STUDY Mrs Oni is a married mother with two children under the age of ten. She is a health support worker and is employed full time. Mrs Oni complained that the pain started at the umbilicus region and then later the pain intensified at her right lower abdominal quadrant. When she was admitted upon examination by the general surgical team it was reported that her abdomen was tender and gardening. Other symptoms presented included constipation, nausea, fever and loss of appetite which all common to the condition. Patient had past medical history of being treated for urinary tract infection to rule out this as a possible reoccurring cause a urine analysis was performed and sent to microbiology testing and further analysis. Bloods were also taken to check for raised neutrophil (white blood cell) count. No previous history of abdominal pain, aggravating factors, patient felt relief when lying down with knees pulled up, presented no urinary symptoms, no alcohol consumption, and patient is not on any medication. On observing Mrs Oni she appeared anxious and was tired due to pain. When the patient was assessed using interview skills and attempting to form a therapeutic relationship with the patient it was revealed that Mrs Oni wanted to maintain a traditional African diet rich in fibre with lots fruit and vegetables, but found it hard to find time to prepare the meals and replaced it with unhealthy snacks while at work and didnt eat at regular meal times. She also revealed that she did not get much exercise and weight gained plummeted after her second child. Oxford dictionary for nurses state that the appendix is the short thin blind ended tube, 7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 10 long and is attached to the end of the caecum. The caecum is the first part of the large intestine according to Clancy McVicar (2002) appendicitis occurs when this tube becomes filled with faecal matter and or with other debris. It can also occur if the caecum is obstructed resulting in damage and blockage to the appendix. In both cases inflammation occurs which can cause rupture of the appendix and appendectomy surgery is required to stop other bowel and abdominal inflammatory conditions developing. I have chosen this patient because NHS Choices (2012) states that appendicitis is considered to be a common condition and that around 7% of UK population will develop the condition at some stage in the lives. It also states a lack of fibre in in diet can be a cause for the condition. I have also formed a good therapeutic relation with the patient. USING ROPER LOGAN TIERNEY MODEL Cronin Rawlings-Anderson (2004) cited Walker Avant (1995) who described practice theories as goal oriented actions. Llewellyn Hayes (2008) describes the model as an aid in assisting and measuring the patients ability to achieve independence at each stage of care. All 12 activities include, maintaining a safe environment, communication, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. All activities according to Holland et al (2008) are used as a framework for the assessment, planning, implementing and evaluating process in the provision of care. Maintaining a safe environment is one example of how the activities can relate to patient care. Diamond (2011) uses the care setting as an example how a person human rights can become easily compromised. The Human Rights Act (1998) article 3 states that No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. This clearly illustrates that the environment in which a patient is care for should be maintained to ensure patient physical, mental and psychological wellbeing while also reducing the risk of infections. The Roper et al model of care is therefore a useful tool for ensuring that all patient needs are considered. Holland et al, (2008) also includes care for the internal environment that which is on a cellular level. This aspect forms a very important part of the recovery process for the case study patient Mrs Oni. ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING FRAMEWORK OF CARE Chinn Kramer (2008) argues that a nurses action can help to improve patient experience by using their awareness and theoretical knowledge in situations, thus dislodging patient fears about situations that are new to them. The handover received for Mrs Oni described the patient sleep patterns throughout the night, stated the analgesics; paracetamol and tramadol prescribed for pain, discussed patient mobility, discussed patient intervention that was the physiotherapy sessions which were required for chest exercises, wound care discussed where surgical clips removed from the wound sloughing observed and surgical team notified as a result antibiotics now prescribed eight hourly and stated wound dressing needed to be changed and catheter to be removed. Although the assessment of the patient was received from a secondary source in handover the patient care still needs to be assessed in order to establish care priority for the patient. Holland et al, (2008) assessment is therefore the first stage in the process where the nurse uses communication skills to gather to begin planning care for the patient. Breathing On assessing Mrs Oni it was found that she was still feeling tired after getting a full nights rest. While listening to the patient it was observed that her speech was quiet and chest movements were irregular. The pulse oximetry machine was used to further assess the levels of oxygen in the patient. Correctly using the equipment making sure the patient was not wearing nail polish which can alter readings. The diagnosis with the reading confirmed that Mrs Oni was lacking oxygen. The normal range for the baseline measurements are charted out using the Glasgow Coma Scale used by the trust. It indicated that reading above 94% is considered within the normal range, Mrs Oni reading were 93%. It was decided that oxygen therapy was needed. A second intervention after the oxygen therapy was reassessed and had improved the patient breathing was made to prevent secondary infections the physiotherapists work with Mrs Oni, to teach her deep breathing exercises to avoid developing chest infections. The use of communication in assisting Mrs Oni by first providing a vomitus bowl and tissues as needed with the nurse explaining to patient why it was important to expectorate any excess sputum while giving the nurse the opportunity to inspect colour of sputum for signs of infection, according to Basford Slevin (2001) this reduces the chances of developing other complications. Mobility Mobility according to Perry Potter (2004) is affected by events and nursing intervention can improve body function and ability to recovery. NICE clinical guidelines (2010) to encourage hydration and mobility to reduce risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). This condition according to Clancy McVicar (2002) is where clotting occurs in the veins and affects patients who have had abdominal surgery and experienced child birth. The surgical team did prescribe some prophylaxis treatment anti-embolism stockings which are referred to as TED stockings. However, the patient refused to wear them and has a right to do so according NHS Choices (2011) under the Mental Health Capacity Act 2005 which advises that a person has the right to voluntarily refuse treatment. On assessing the patient no real barriers to mobility was observed and with improvements on the patient breathing and fatigue levels, knowledge of psychological issues was required to further diagnose the patient. Using communication skills to form a therapeutic relationship as an intervention, Mrs Oni revealed that she was very worried about her children, she became tearful but discussing her children helped to remind her that she need to recover quickly to get back to her family and home. She was able to later agree to wear the anti-embolism stocking and began to attempt to mobilise without assistance. Another nursing intervention used to aid Mrs Oni in mobilising was to administer prescribed analgesics for pain management thus reducing the effects of the surgical wounds present. Personal Cleansing and dressing Mrs Oni had a wound had become infected and needed to take meropenem by intravenous infusion which according to BNF (2012) an penicillin antibiotic prescribed for  intra-abdominal infections, skin and soft-tissue infections. Mrs Oni stated she was not allergic to penicillin upon admission but the side effects from the drug were likely to be nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and headaches. According to BNF (2012) patients most at risk of developing anaphylactic reactions are asthma, eczema and hay fever sufferers. On inspection of the wound while changing the dressing it appear to be less exudate. On previous dressing change I was reported that there was some sloughing which is according to Perry Potter (2004) pg. 1278 are tissue cells that have died and have been removed from the body. Cleaning of the wound using the aseptic technique and new dressing were applied. Mrs Oni was then assisted with her personal hygiene needs and expressed that she was feeling much better. These actions taken will help to improve body image and reduce risk of prolonging the infection. Pain Although not mentioned in the handover it is still an effect experience after surgery. The tool used to measure pain is done using a numerical rating system with a scale rating pain from 0 to 10. Zero being there is no pain and ten being the highest value Indicating intervention needed. Perry Potter (2004) p.1274 definition of pain, subjective, unpleasant sensation caused by noxious stimulation of sensory nerve endings. This notion that pain is subjective is very true as each individual experiences pain in a different way according to Ewards R. article in Benzon et al (2005) pain can also be measured through observing behaviour. Mrs Oni did report pain and the prescribed analgesics were given as prescribed. Upon evaluation it was verbalised by Mrs Oni that she was in less pain four hours an hour later after administration. CONCLUSION The important aspect of the reflective process is to develop critical thinking skills which according to Jasper (2006) helps to develop the ability give clear rationales when making decisions. Reflecting using Gibbs et al (1988) cited by Bulman Schutz (2008) cycle where a series of reflective questions to be thoughtfully answered in retrospect which begins with the experience, a description of feelings, taking in account the positives and negatives, looking at the situation from different angels, what else I could have added to improve the outcome and finally the actions taken. Using the experience of caring for someone post-operative using the Roper et al, framework of care was a good teaching guide and created self-awareness of the process while helping to give a structured framework to gather knowledge in a way that was useful. I felt more comfortable and confident in discussing issues with my mentor on issues of care. The environment was very challenging but the framework help m e to focus and achieve my objectives. Evaluation of care using Llewellyn Hayes (2008) uses Huycke and Alls (2000) framework that encompasses all involved in the provision and receipt of care. The ward provides a comment card for patients, this way the immediate providers of care the staff receive instant and genuine feedback. This shows the patient experience is valued.

The Problem Of Global Warming :: Greenhouse Effect Climate Change

The Problem of Global Warming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem of global warming, an increase in the average temperature on Earth, is getting worse. The Earth has warmed 0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius since the late 1800s. Scientists believe that the cause is the greenhouse effect, the process of trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere because of the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrogen oxides. Less oxygen is being produced and cleaning the atmosphere allowing more of these gases to do its work on the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Automobiles exhausts are just one of the contributors to this problem. The burning of fossil fuels is another major influence to the increase in global temperature as well. The destruction of the rainforests and all forests and trees in general, is another. Every car produces enough gases from its exhaust into the atmosphere that takes a mature tree to clean in about five years. Trees keep the air clean for the environment by taking the gases in and produces oxygen out of it. By cutting down the trees we are allowing for more of the carbon to be exposed into the atmosphere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor that most people would not consider in the raising of global warming is the excrement of cows. Cows produces tons of carbon that does not all get treated for, and is in the top five for highest amounts of carbon produced per year. This is another factor that somehow has to be dealt with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of these causes of global warming have been know by scientists, it's the effects we are seeing in today's climate now they had no idea of. Arctic glaciers are melting and causing the ocean's water level to rise. It has be proven that if the water level were to rise anymore then we won't be able to see the state of Louisiana anymore or any coastal areas anywhere. Louisiana is already having there wetlands filled by the floods. The polar bear is another example of the effects of global warming. Its habitat is decreasing and so are it's numbers. Global warming affects the polar bear by melting the arctic snow and allowing it to starve longer then it usually does. The polar bear leaves

Raquel Browning, a private investigator – Creative Writing

Raquel Browning, a private investigator, sat at the window and watched him walk past. His head was lowered, and his right hand held his overcoat fixed firmly against the wind. She watched him until he was out of her range of sight, then she picked up the telephone. Across the river, on the other side of town, the phone rang once, then again before Mrs Clifford reached over and placed the receiver next to her ear. â€Å"Hello,† she said tentatively. â€Å"I have some news,† came the response from Raquel. â€Å"Go ahead,† Mrs Clifford said as she closed the parlour door. â€Å"He spent the night in a hotel named ‘The Lion's Den' with a brunette woman whose name was ‘Laura'. They dined earlier in the hotel restaurant before retiring to their room. He left at nine o'clock this morning.† â€Å"Is that all?† Mrs Clifford asked. â€Å"Yes, that is all Ma'am; I will have another update soon.† Mrs Clifford listened as the phone was hung up on the other end, and then replaced the receiver. She glanced at the painting on the wall above her. It was of Patrick when he was a little younger. His eyes seemed to pierce hers, and for a second, she almost felt guilty about having him followed. Raquel caught up with him a few blocks from the hotel. As she was trained, she stayed out of his view. She watched as he entered a coffee shop, and then entered the shop after two more people had gone in. She found a table close to Patrick and listened to him order a cappuccino, then the rustle of the newspaper pages as he read it. He didn't seem to be going anywhere, so she ordered an orange juice. After ten minutes, Raquel saw Laura, the woman he had spent the night with, walk into the coffee shop, and after glancing behind her at the street, slide into the seat beside Patrick. â€Å"Were you followed?† Raquel heard Patrick say. â€Å"No,† replied Laura. After that, Patrick and Laura became seemingly oblivious to the world, and started kissing. Raquel rose, paid for her orange juice, and exited the shop. Once she was outside, she crossed the street, turned and took out her camera. She took a quick series of photos of Patrick and Laura, and then put away the camera. Mrs Clifford would be happy she thought, well, as happy as possible. She had proof now, and that's what Mrs Clifford had paid her for. She went home, developed the photos, and placed them in a blank envelope. She addressed the envelope, and then posted the letter. ‘A job well done', the Private Investigator thought as she tucked her hands into her pockets and started to walk home. Mrs Clifford opened the envelope, and pulled out the photographs. There were six in total, all showing Patrick and Laura in various stages of canoodling. Mrs Clifford's face darkened as she looked at each one. ‘How could he? In public?' she thought as the maid, Jenkins walked into the room. She hastily pushed the photographs into the envelope again. The last thing she needed was the staff to be talking about this. â€Å"Tea, Mrs Clifford?† asked Miss Jenkins. â€Å"Yes, Thankyou.† Miss Jenkins poured the tea into a bone china teacup and handed it to Mrs Clifford. Mrs Clifford pulled the photographs out of the envelope again, as Miss Jenkins left the room, and looked at them as she sipped her tea. Mrs Clifford recognised this woman ‘Laura'. She worked in Patrick's office. The photographs were not enough. She needed to know more. Mrs Clifford picked up the telephone and dialled. â€Å"Browning Private Investigators,† Raquel answered the phone. â€Å"Good Afternoon. It's Mrs Clifford.† â€Å"Good Afternoon Mrs Clifford. I trust you received the photographs? How can I help you?† â€Å"I received the photographs, and they were good, but now I need more.† â€Å"More, Mrs Clifford?† The Private Investigator asked. â€Å"Yes, more. I need to know more about Patrick and this ‘Laura' woman. I will pay you double the amount I payed you last time.† â€Å"Mrs Clifford, I would be pleased to help you,† Raquel responded. She listened as Mrs Clifford said, â€Å"Well then we're settled,† and hung up. The private investigator wouldn't have taken this job for just anyone, but Mrs Clifford had money to burn, and the private investigator had a hole in her pocket. She grabbed her backpack which had all of her equipment in it, and set off to find Patrick. Raquel found him an hour later, in a shopping mall. He was in a lingerie store, but she couldn't see Laura anywhere. She continued to watch as Patrick looked through all the different things that the shop had to sell. She was taking pictures of this when Laura appeared from one of the change rooms. She walked over to Patrick and exchanged some words, and then Patrick gave her a lacy outfit to try on, kissed her, and left the store. The private investigator was still snapping photographs when he stopped at a jewellery store. She continued taking photographs as he walked up to the counter, and briefly spoke to the saleswoman. The saleswoman disappeared into a back room, and the private investigator stopped taking photographs to replace the film. Once she had done that, she started taking photographs as the saleswoman reappeared with a box in her hand. The saleswoman opened the box revealing a diamond ring. Patrick nodded, and then paid. The private investigator smiled. Mrs Clifford would be happy with her work. She left, and posted the photographs. Mrs Clifford answered the door when Patrick arrived. He had Laura with him. Mrs Clifford already knew what she was about to hear, thanks to the private investigator. She wasn't sure she liked it, but she really had no choice in the matter. She waited for Patrick to say something, and when it came, it was not a surprise. â€Å"Hi mother,† he said, â€Å"I'd like to introduce my fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e, Laura.† Mrs Clifford smiled as she welcomed her son and future daughter-in-law inside.

Geox and the Footware Industry

The footwear Industry is a mature market with any International competitors. In Europe, the footwear Is dominated by many small game; medium enterprises, which gives firms more flexibility to cater to specific consumer needs. The basic drivers for consumers buying decisions include demography, disposable income, basic needs, style and new materials. Fashion trends have a major influence on the footwear industry as well as new technology. The industry Is very labor intensive and most companies follow a idealization manufacturing strategy to capture lower labor costs, The primary market segments include Sport,'Atheistic, Work and Brown.Goes competes mostly In the Brown market UT acts as a competitor in the Athletic market because of their focus on technology. Competition is harsher in the Sport/Athletic market as it is the largest market in the footwear industry. Goes should continue to exploit new market opportunities embedded in technological innovation and should focus on allocating their resources to maximize returns. They should continue to search for ways for knowledge spill- over as It has lead to positive effects and complementary actively.Goes needs to effectively communicate Its brand and Innovation by creating uncontested market space and a niche Goes, an Italian based company, was started as a small family handicraft firm that evolved Into a multinational footwear manufacturer. It has been operating In the footwear industry since the sass and became public in 2004.Goes core concept for starting a footwear company was to offer high comfort footwear by applying a microprocessor membrane to the sole of the shoe to allow air moisture to exit without reentering. Goes developed its brand and position in the footwear market through its genealogical advances In footwear material. Goes dominated in the global footwear market with their cutting edge technological Innovation. However, despite their recent dominance, tenure nave Eden many changes In tenet competi tive environment that could hinder their performance or slow their growth in the future.Environmental Analysis (PEST) Observing the social aspect of the market, there has been an increasing trend towards footwear companies that targeted very narrow and differentiate market niches with a clearly definable brands and images. Additionally, there has been a detectable trend towards shoes acting as fashion and lifestyle symbols with many reputable fashion designers endorsing them. The economic landscape of the market has shifted and focused more on the rise of Southern Asian countries who have been growing very quickly over the past decade.With the growth of the middle – and upper class, there has been an increase in demand for mid-high end shoes with reputable brands. Analyzing the technological aspect of the market, most of the technological advancements arise in the athletic and sportswear segment. The main reason for this is the consistent demand of material and fabric innovat ion for optimal reference. Because of the effects the fashion industry has on the footwear industry as well as the seasonality of the business, product innovation and obsolescence is very high.After analyzing some of the major social, economic and technological aspects of the industry, Goes is in a good position to leverage new technology in order to gain a competitive advantage and outperform competition. 1. 2 Competition Analysis The current footwear industry is divided into three primary segments based on different consumer styles, which include Sports wear, Work and Brown (casual, formal ; traditional). All three segments consist of homeowners, menswear and childlessness.The largest firms are in the sports segment, which is more concentrated due to higher impact on brand awareness and technical innovation in fabrics and materials. The U. S. Accounts for the majority of global competition including such brands as Mike, Rebook, Brown shoe, Timberland etc. Currently, the majority o f footwear making companies, including the aforementioned competitors, have moved their core manufacturing activities overseas to increase productivity and take advantage lower labor costs. Goes direct competitors include Wolverine andGeneses as both firms compete in between the Leisure and Formal/Classic market segments. However, both firms are positioned more in the mid-high to high end price points while Goes is closer to mid-high, which gives Goes a competitive advantage in terms of price. Indirect competition consists of Checkers, Brown Shoe, Timberland and other competition in the sports segment. Checkers and Brown Shoe are positioned fairly close to Goes. Checkers strategy is focused on the casual market with a mid to high price range while Brown shoe's strategy is targeted more towards the formal wear.Therefore, leaving a gap in the markets space for Goes to exploit new opportunities and capture new market share. 1. 3 Competitive Forces (Porters 5 Forces) Looking at the comp etitive rivalry in the footwear industry, there are many competitors within the industry with very low product differentiation. There is also a more mature growth rate with the market slowly becoming saturated. The potential entry Darkles wilt ten Industry are very null Decease AT ten massive Minimal investment in order to begin operating.

The Great Gatsby: What Makes Daisy So Attractive?

â€Å"Her voice is full of money† (Fitzgerald, 120). This quote, said by important personality Gatsby, explains Daisy’s character and demeanor. Daisy Buchannan is one of the main characters in the novel The Great Gatsby. The wife of Tom Buchannan and the dream of Jay Gatsby, Daisy embodies the immoral and shallow values of the upper class East Egg. Although she is not very sincere, to most Daisy is attractive, beautiful, and sexy. What makes Daisy so inviting? She makes a man improve for her in order to get what they want, she has standards and she wants the best, and only the best. Since the beginning, Jay Gatsby has been madly in love with Daisy, or the thought of Daisy. Gatsby only knew Daisy for one month before he was deployed to war. Is one month enough to fall in love with someone? Five years later, Gatsby still believed that he was in love, and he conceived a new persona to make Daisy come back to him after she married Tom. â€Å"You're acting like a little boy†¦. † (Fitzgerald, 88). This was a quote that the narrator, Nick Caraway, said to Gatsby about how he was acting around Daisy. Jay Gatsby knew to get Daisy back he would need to become the absolute best, the richest, the most handsome, and the most charming. It might have been the challenge of being superior to the rest that was so appealing to Gatsby or it could have been Daisy’s dead-as-a-doorknob personality. The real question is, Is Daisy worth it? What makes Daisy so appealing to smart men such as Gatsby? Is it the challenge of becoming the best, or is it something else? Jay Gatsby wasn’t the only one who thought Daisy was worth more than perceived. Her husband, Tom Buchannan also believed that Daisy was a prize. To Tom, it seemed, that Daisy was a trophy wife, someone he could show off, not care about, come back, and she would still be there. What brought them together was money, the thing that they both loved and had in common. Nick summed up her love for money well, â€Å"She wanted her life shaped now, immediately—and the decision must be made by some force, of money†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald, 151). Daisy didn’t care about who she loved more when she had to pick Tom or Gatsby; she cared about the money while she was making one of the biggest decisions of her life. To Tom, Daisy was a beautiful woman who he would love to have for his wife. Tom and Daisy were alike in that way, neither of them cared about personality or values; they cared about their reputation. It wasn’t Daisy’s disposition that made Tom marry her; it was her looks and reputation that he found attractive. Daisy Buchannan wasn’t one of the brightest aristocrats in East Egg to say the least. Her ditzy nature might have been cute to some, but it was obvious that it was more than just a darling quality. Daisy had no common sense, if a man was looking for just looks (like Tom), Daisy was the girl to go to. Her comment to Gatsby, â€Å"I’d like to just get one of those pick clouds and put you in it and push you around† (Fitzgerald, 94) made readers re-think why Jay Gatsby would be so far in love with her. â€Å"She never loved you, do you hear? She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me. † (Fitzgerald, 130). There must have been something special about Daisy for Tom Buchannan and Jay Gatsby to have such strong feelings for her. Whether it was her looks, her dimwits, or her money she had what other women would die for, two of the richest and most known men in East Egg fighting over her. What makes Daisy Buchannan so attractive? To some, it’s her looks, the thought of what she might be like, to others it’s her money or her innocent ditz, and certain people might even find her repulsive. The readers of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby will take strong stands on Daisy and her character.

Construction contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Construction contract - Essay Example 3 contract gives special emphasis to creating a spirit of mutual trust and cooperation between the parties of the contract and this has been added as the first clause of all NEC3 contracts, giving it a legal value. Another major difference between NEC3 and other forms of contract is the ability of NEC3 to warn the parties of contract about possible risks like increase in cost, delay in completion etc making possible the assessments of risks and timely mitigation through mutual consultation. Under the clause 61.3 the contractor is bound to notify the project manager about any compensation event within 8 weeks otherwise the burden of compensation will lie on the contractor, this clause is partly in conflict with prevention principle and can create legal complexities. NEC3 contract ensures risk management during the very beginning of contract through distribution of responsibilities and creating a ‘legally bound’ mutual trust. By creating an atmosphere of trust and cooperation and through proper documentation NEC3 contract removes the communication deficit between parties of the contract which is a very common reason behind the failure of various projects. The JCT05 or the FIDIC cont ract are more detailed as compared to NEC3 however the simplicity offered by NEC3 is the key to better understanding and grasp by all parties of contract and thus ensuring a collaborative, efficient and good management of the

Sources work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sources work - Assignment Example Bernard (2011) claims that the smoke has very high toxicity levels so harmful to the human life given the amount of chemicals contained in the cigarette. He goes ahead to quite cite the actual fact that toxicologists and health care professionals have gone a long way in finding several harmful chemicals in the cigarette. Cigarettes are the most popular, most addictive and the deadliest form of tobacco ever to be used (World Health Organization). These contrasting ideas between smoking enthusiasts (revelers) and the equally enthusiastic dissidents create an interesting discovery of facts about smoking. If there is proof that smoking kills, with health professional’s strong campaigning against the ‘vice’, then why is the number of smokers increasing day after day? The US National Cancer Institute brings out the observation that some of the facts leading to someone talking up smoking may just be a social issue as opposed to personal or medical issue. Actually, smokin g has never been proved to cure any health problem apart from allegations by some health researchers that Cannabis has some medical content (Kobus). The review of this work therefore seeks to point out the effects of smoking to the body of the smoker and those who are physically close to him/her. This will also seek to establish whether smoking in public should be Okayed as a legal aspect of life or be deemed illegal by the law. A report on smoking was as released on September 17th 2009 by Dr. Jen Doe and Dr. Chris DeSanto had very comprehensive information about effects of smoking. These two medical professionals are members of the Georgetown Hospitals Community Pediatrics Program and have served as campaigners for Tobacco Free Kids in America. Their work was seconded strongly by the American Medical Student Association having produced accurate reports on kids and smoking (Doe and DeSanto). This article about children and smoking reflects on effects of smoking by

Management and Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Again, the relationship between a company’s business structure and cultural parameters throw light on the performance potential of the company. The structural pattern of small business units is generally flat owing to the reduced hierarchy levels between the employees and owner of the company. However in case of big concerns the structural system attains a much complex pattern with the creation of several functional departments. It signifies a specialized performance pattern of the business unit. The difference in the organizational structures is also closely associated to the degree of control exercised over the people or employees in achievement of organizational objectives. The different organizational structures underline the nature and extent of responsibilities entrusted on the employees which also calls for rendering of rewards and punishment. Similarly the employees working together in groups design the organizational culture and cite the norms and ethics of the compan y. The cultural system of a company is flexible and is decided between the mutual understanding of the upper and lower management levels depending on circumstances and situations. Both the structural and cultural parameters work together in designing the norms of business leadership for efficient performance of the organization (Rollinson, 2008, pp.4-5). ... The set of organizational values also indicate the behavioral and communicating patterns of the employees with external interested parties like the customers, government and similar other interest groups. Further the existence of organizational culture helps in encouraging the people to work in a group network in order to achieve organizational objectives. The behavior and attitudes of the group of people working closely with each other are governed by the cultural parameters set by the company which in turn helps in the fulfillment of business objectives. On the other hand the group dynamics of the different individuals are also governed by the system of organizational structure. The system of organizational structure governs the level of interaction between the people at different organizational levels in order to achieve business objectives. The structural parameters of an organization help the employees to coordinate with each other and also to communicate in an effective manner with other hierarchies. This renders a sense of support to them to work more effectively in fulfilling business goals (Jennifer, 2009.p.6; Mullins, 2008, pp. 66-70). Organizational Culture and Leadership Organizational leadership centers on the maintenance of the core values and business philosophy of the concern as distinct from other companies performing in the external environment. These core values and visions upon which a business functions are formulated through the development of organizational cultures. Development of organizational cultures also enhances the ethical and loyal parameters in the behavioral patterns of the employees within an organization. These organizational

Transport and Management Projects Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transport and Management Projects - Case Study Example This makes the minimum time period for completion as 72 days and maximum completion of time period as 87 days The delay of 5 days in backing up of Atlas Web Site causes the decrease of float time by 5 days or increase of minimum and maximum time periods for the project to 80 to 90 days. The reason is the backing up of Atlas Web Site also is an individual task that is not done simultaneously with any other one. 6. Importance of Risk Management and Costing The importance of project risk management lies in anticipating and addressing the uncertainties. These uncertainties threaten the goals and time tables considered for the project. The questions of material and parts quality are considered in risk management. This improves the quality of the project. The delays in deliver of sufficient materials are minimized and this meets the project needs in time. The changes for budget and personnel are also minimized by risk management methods. The budget and personnel changes can be avoided by having completed knowledge and research. The delays in delivery dates and budget overages can be minimized as part of the risk management process. This involves the costing of the project also. The costing of the project is capable of estimating the project cost and probable increases if there are any delays. The increase in the cost can be minimized by minimizing the delays. As the delays are minimized by risk management and the minimizing the project cos t is done by costing the importance of risk management and costing is working on them simultaneously. This is possible by making the risk management process oriented. The risk management avoids having a successful project with an unsuccessful product. This means that the risk management takes into consideration the... The importance of project risk management lies in anticipating and addressing the uncertainties. These uncertainties threaten the goals and time tables considered for the project. The questions of material and parts quality are considered in risk management. This improves the quality of the project. The delays in deliver of sufficient materials are minimized and this meets the project needs in time. The changes for budget and personnel are also minimized by risk management methods. The budget and personnel changes can be avoided by having completed knowledge and research. The delays in delivery dates and budget overages can be minimized as part of the risk management process. This involves the costing of the project also. The costing of the project is capable of estimating the project cost and probable increases if there are any delays. The increase in the cost can be minimized by minimizing the delays. As the delays are minimized by risk management and the minimizing the project co st is done by costing the importance of risk management and costing is working on them simultaneously. This is possible by making the risk management process oriented. The risk management avoids having a successful project with an unsuccessful product. This means that the risk management takes into consideration the marketing also to avoid the failure product of a successful project.

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

Review - Article Example To formulate an effective plan one must assess prior disaster experiences since the risks vary in size, location, industry, and business size. It is sad to note that businesses fail to formulate a contingency plan for the unexpected event. According to the Disaster Recovery Preparedness Council Survey, at the end of 2013 more than 70 percent of businesses acquire dismal grades in terms of disaster preparedness. The author surveys 100 small businesses in New Jersey, Connecticut, and New York after disaster of Hurricane Sandy and the report reveals that two thirds of the businesses do not have disaster recovery plan in place. Scarinci(2014) says that in October 2012, Hurricane Sandy causes major devastation in New York especially in borough of Staten Island’s many small businesses struggle to recover. After the disaster small business owners, assess the loss and identify the requirements to reopen their businesses as well as apply for financial assistance. Most of the small business owners that try open to their businesses realize that planning is crucial to facilitate the recovery process and prepare for future disasters. In addition to that, the business owners do not understand disaster preparedness since it is a topic that overwhelms them. Small businesses in Staten Island rely on limited assistance due to limited resources. CPAs in the area can provide audit services, tax, financial services. CPAs offer advice on growth, planning, retirement, contingency, development, and disaster recovery. The survey 1 on disaster recovery plans reveals that respondent CPA firms do not have a contingency plan before the Hurricane Sandy. Some of the businesses assume they do not need a disaster recovery plan since it cannot affect them directly. The most widespread problems on the small businesses include computer viruses, utility outages, and power issues. It is positive to note that most of the small businesses

The Muslim Arts Essay Example for Free

The Muslim Arts Essay Introduction Assalam-al-aluikum, through out this booklet Im going to describe about how Islam, one of todays leading religions, started off. I am also going to show you some of the worlds most beautiful calligraphy, most well decorated mosques and the most famous historic Islamic landmarks. I will also be explaining a few basic principles and the meanings of some of the holy words in the Quran. The Holy Prophet The prophet Muhammad was born in 571CE. He was born into one of the most rich and powerful Quraish tribes. He never saw his father and his mother died when he was six years old. He then lived with his grandfather, until he was eight years old. When he died he moved to live with his Uncle Abu Talib, who cared and protected him. Muhammad soon began to look after his uncles sheep and helped in expanding his uncles profits and trade. He became respected by many merchants, by doing many things e.g. He had an honest trade and never over charged any man and if anybody overpaid him he would travel all the way back to the man no matter where he is or how far away, to give him back his money, sheep etc. This is one of the many stories about him, the prophet sold some camels to man. After the man had left, the prophet remembered that one of the camels had 1 lame leg so at once Muhammad galloped after the man so he could give the man back the price of the camel, (it took the prophet 1-week to catch that man up). Such acts like this had been unheard of and soon a Rich widow in Mecca called Khadija who was known for her independance and nobleness heard about Muhammads honesty asked him to work for her in her large business. Muhammad accepted the offer and did trading trips for her by going to Syria with another slave called Maisarah. Maisarah spoke about Muhammad to her master very highly. Khadija completely won over by Muhammads honesty and manners asked him to marry her. Muhammad after talking to his close relatives agreed. Khadija was forty years old at the time and Muhammad was only twenty-five. As time wore on Muhammad became less and less involved with the business and spent more time thinking about all the problems of the world and in helping the poor people of Mecca. Muhammad used money as a means to free slaves. He had 7 children, 4 daughters 3 sons, all his sons died in infancy. Muhammad often went to mount Hira, where he spent a very long time thinking about different matters. One day after staying in the mountain for a very long time (610A.D) the angel Jibril appeared to him and brought the first message of Allah, that there is only 1 God and Muhammad is his prophet. The appearance of the angel was a strange thing that had never happened to him before, so he ran home and first told Khadija. Islam was a message to save mankind from suffering and illness. It was to teach kindness and to lead men to live good and clean lives and to test who can withstand all the worlds evil temptations. It also teaches you self-discipline, because youre the only one who can stop yourself from doing bad things. Famous Historic Landmarks In Islam there are many very magnificent old architural Mosques and buildings. Most of them have some of the most exquisite patterns and symbolic calligraphy along the inside and outside of the walls. Most of them were built where they are because something special happened there as you can see in the following. The Dome of The Rock The Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem and it is called the most beautiful building in Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock is the holiest Muslim shrine in the city. I have been inside it once and Muslims believe that gold-domed building was built over the rock from which Muhammad rose to heaven. Jews also believe it is the place Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac. Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal, designed as a tomb for the wife of a 17th-century Mughal emperor, was constructed by about 20,000 workers from 1631 to 1648 in Agra, a city in northern India. The massive domed structure was constructed using Islamic style, using white marble and inlaid gems. At each corner is a minaret (prayer tower), and passages from the Quran, the Muslim holy book, cover the outside walls. The bodies of the emperor and his wife remain in a room below the building. Mecca The al-Haram Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, holds the holiest shrine of Islam, the Kaaba. As the birthplace of Islams founder, the prophet Muhammad, Mecca is considered a holy city. It is a pilgrimage point for Muslims worldwide, who are expected to visit the city at least once if they are able to do so. The Kaaba Pilgrimage to the Kaaba Muslims consider the Kaaba a small sanctuary near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca to be the most sacred place on earth. Muslim legend teaches that the ancient religious patriarchs Abraham and Ishmael built the shrine using foundations first laid by Adam. Muslims all over the world face towards the Kaaba while praying, and every able Muslim is expected to make a pilgrimage to the Kaaba at least once in his or her lifetime. This picture shows pilgrimage ceremonies, which consist of several days of rituals and festivals during the Islamic month of pilgrimages, Dhu al-Hijja. ISLAMIC CALLIGRAPHY ART Delicate glassware decorated in enamels was produced over many centuries in the Islamic world. This early 14th-century mosque lamp is covered with three inscriptions from the Koran delineated in Kufic script. When the lamp was lit, the flame within accentuated the elegant calligraphy. Miniature painting, in the form of illustrations to secular texts, was one of the few art forms in which the Islamic faith permitted the depiction of living things. This miniature by Aqa Mirak, a court painter to Tahmasp (1524-1576) illustrates a story; a fight seems to have occurred, and the loser is on his back. In the background a gardener works industriously. Mosaic Decoration Because the representation of living things were forbidden in Islamic religion, abstract patterns, usually depicted in mosaic, were used, and these reached great heights of refinement in Islamic architectural decoration. This intricate geometric scheme, used in conjunction with quotations from the Koran in the elegant Kufic script, decorates the interior of a madrasah in Eà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½fahà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, Iran. Central Dome, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul The central dome of Hagia Sophia is decorated with intricate geometric patterns created by means of small pieces of gilded glass and marble of different colours. Roundels enclosing gold calligraphic script fill the pendentives. Such abstract patterns, used with quotations from the Koran executed in the elegant Kufic script, are typical of Islamic decorative schemes. ISLAMIC PAINTINGS Laila and Majnun at School Bizhad, one of the great Persian miniature painters, gave new impetus to the Oriental tradition of miniature painting.Laila and Majnun at School (1494) shows his skilful use of pattern and colour, and his graceful, calligraphic line. The flat, layered perspective shows the influence of Chinese landscapes. The juxtaposition of scenes taking place indoors and outdoors is particularly notable. Persian Manuscript A range of texts, from the Koran to scientific and literary works, and books of tales and fables, were illuminated in Islamic Persia. This page, from a Persian manuscript dating from the 13th century, consists of text and an accompanying illustration showing a group of men on horseback. Bibliography 1. Encarta Encyclopaedia 2002 2. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2001 3. Heroes of Islam Prophet Muhammed 4. Focus on Islam 5. www.islamicart.com 6. Skills in Religious Studies 2